classes

Every thing x belongs to a class X -- a hash table that indicates in a weak sort of way what type of thing x is. We may also say that x is an instance of X . The mathematical notion of a set X and an element x of X can be modeled this way. The class of x can be obtained with the function class.

Every thing X also has a parent P , which indicates a larger class to which every instance x of X belongs. We also say that X is a subclass of P. For example, the mathematical notion of a module P and a submodule X may be modelled this way. The parent of x can be obtained with the function parent.

     i1 = parent 2
     
     o1 = Nothing
     
     o1 : Type
     
     Nothing -- the empty class.
     
     i2 = parent parent 2
     
     o2 = Thing
     
     o2 : Type
     
     Thing -- the class of all things.
     
     i3 = parent parent parent 2
     
     o3 = Thing
     
     o3 : Type
     
     Thing -- the class of all things.
     
     i4 = class 2
     
     o4 = ZZ
     
     o4 : Ring
     
     ZZ -- denotes the class of all integers.
     
     i5 = parent class 2
     
     o5 = Thing
     
     o5 : Type
     
     Thing -- the class of all things.
     
     i6 = parent parent class 2
     
     o6 = Thing
     
     o6 : Type
     
     Thing -- the class of all things.
     
     i7 = class class 2
     
     o7 = Ring
     
     o7 : Type
     
     Ring -- the class of all rings.
     
     i8 = parent class class 2
     
     o8 = Type
     
     o8 : Type
     
     Type -- the class of all types.
     
     i9 = parent parent class class 2
     
     o9 = MutableHashTable
     
     o9 : Type
     
     MutableHashTable -- the class of all mutable hash tables.
     
     i10 = parent parent parent class class 2
     
     o10 = HashTable
     
     o10 : Type
     
     HashTable -- the class of all hash tables.
     
     i11 = parent parent parent parent class class 2
     
     o11 = Thing
     
     o11 : Type
     
     Thing -- the class of all things.
     

The classes and parents provide a uniform way for operations on things to locate the appropriate functions needed to perform them. Please see using methods and binary method now for a brief discussion.

For more details, see one of the topics below.

  • newClass
  • new
  • ancestor
  • instance
  • For related topics, see one of the following.

  • use
  • uniform
  • Thing
  • Nothing
  • Type
  • MutableList
  • MutableHashTable
  • MutableHashTable
  • SelfInitializingType
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